Growing Up Gay in the South by James T Sears

Author:James T Sears [Sears, James T]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780918393791
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 1991-01-15T00:00:00+00:00

REFERENCE NOTES

1. Romanovsky, 1986.

2. Fladung, 1987.

3. McCullers, 1940.

4. Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, and Rosenkratz, 1972; Duncan and Duncan, 1978; Goldstein and Oldham, 1979; Lipman-Blumen, 1972; White and Brinkerhoff, 1981.

5. Harry, 1983; 1985; Whitam, 1977b.

6. Mass, 1986:56. Moreover, as Money and Russo (1979) found in their longitudinal study of nine effeminate boys, “nonjudgmentalism” was a critical factor that contributed to these boys’ healthy adjustment in adolescence and adulthood despite their continued “non-traditional” social sex role behavior.

7. For a discussion of a humanistic approach to working with gender nonconformists, see: Coleman, 1986; Rebecca, Hefner and Oleshansky, 1976.

8. Bell, Weinberg and Hammersmith, 1981:189, 191.

9. Davenport, 1965; Denis, 1967; Frazier, 1913; Hodges, 1973; Mead, 1935; Munroe, Whiting and Holly, 1969; Murdock, 1937.

10. Oakely, 1972:58, 156.

11. Talamini, 1982.

12. Abramson, 1984:196.

13. DuBay, 1987:44.

14. Clark, 1956; Gerard and Hekma, 1989.

15. There have been several recent essays on the Native American culture and the status of the berdache. See, for example: Forgey, 1975; Miller, 1982; Roscoe, 1988; Thayer 1980; Whitehead, 1981. The most authoritative work is that of Walter Williams (1986). Some ethnographic work (e.g., Blackwood, 1984a) has been devoted to the female equivalent which is discussed in Chapter 11.

16. Williams, 1986:24.

17. Williams, 1986:14.

18. Williams, 1986:14.

19. Stoller, 1976:536.

20. Whitehead, 1981:97.

21. Roscoe, 1988:129.

22. Green, 1973.

23. Real, 1983:47.

24. There is a distinction between “doing camp” and “doing drag.” Doing drag transforms our thinking through a change in physical appearances; doing camp transforms our common-sensical thinking through language (E. Newton, 1979). Terry, in this study, mixed gay argot with a quick wit, an eye for incongruity, and fondness for the dramatic in his two tux prom. Alston’s friend, Timmy, assumed the dress and demeanor of a woman, Foxie Ritz. Alston combined both elements. In Susan Sontag’s (1978:277) classic essay on camp, she speaks of it as a “sensibility … a mode of aestheticism … disengaged, depoliticized” and provides examples ranging from fondness for Tiffany lamps and old Flash Gordon comics to Wilde’s epigrams and the dandyism “in the age of mass culture.”

25. Russo, 1979:206.

26. For an interesting history of female impersonation in the United States and Great Britain, see: Baker, 1968.

27. Newton, 1979:8.

28. Newton, 1979:111.

29. Newton, 1979:105.

30. For example, Green and Money (1966) noted the interrelationships between effeminacy, role-taking, and stage-acting among a small sample of effeminate males during childhood, and another group of researchers (Hellman, Green, Gray and Williams, 1981) have reported interrelationships between cross-gender behaviors, homophobia, and religiosity among transsexual and homosexual men. This association of effeminacy with homosexuality is not an assumption made only by researchers. Effeminate males are more likely, based on limited information, to be characterized as “homosexual” by laypersons than those who appear to fit the sex role norm (Dunbar, Brown and Vourinen, 1973).

31. Coleman, 1986; Freund et al., 1974; Mannion, 1976; Richardson, 1981; Ross, 1983; Taylor, 1983; Zuger, 1984.

32. Ross, 1983:3–4.

33. Shively and DeCecco, 1977.

34. This parallels findings by other researchers (e.g., Green, 1969; Zuger, 1984) that effeminacy and cross-gender behavior in their clinical studies is most common among boys six years of age and under.

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